Knowledge of Pakistan and India History and Culture

 The history of Hindustan (Indian Subcontinent) before independence is vast, covering ancient civilizations, medieval empires, colonial rule, and the freedom struggle. Here's an overview: Ancient India (Before 1200 CE) Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2600–1900 BCE) One of the world's oldest urban civilizations, centered around Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa . Advanced city planning, drainage systems, and trade networks. Vedic Period (c. 1500–500 BCE) Indo-Aryans migrated and settled in the region. Composition of the Vedas , which shaped Hinduism. Rise of Mahajanapadas (16 powerful kingdoms). Maurya Empire (321–185 BCE) Founded by Chandragupta Maurya , expanded under Ashoka the Great . Spread of Buddhism and efficient governance. Gupta Empire (319–550 CE) Known as the Golden Age of India. Advances in science, mathematics (Aryabhata), literature (Kalidasa), and art . Hinduism became dominant again. Medieval Period (600–1200 CE) Several regional kingdoms, ...